Decentralized file sharing operates on a P2P network by leveraging a distributed architecture instead of relying on a central server.

Peer Discovery

Participants (peers) in the network need a way to discover each other, which is achieved using a Distributed Hash Table (DHT) or decentralized protocols. Nodes establish a network without central authority by tracking other nodes linked to them.

DHTs are decentralized systems that enable distributed storage and key-value pair retrieval across the network, while decentralized protocols enforce communication rules, enabling peer-to-peer interactions without relying on a central authority or server.

File Segmentation

Files are split into smaller parts, with each component distributed across multiple network peers. This approach enhances file availability since it is not stored in a single location, ensuring better accessibility and reliability.

Distributed Storage

By distributing file segments across multiple nodes, distributed storage systems reduce reliance on a single server. For example, IPFS uses a content-addressing method, where files are identified by their content rather than their physical location.

Peer Interaction

Peers directly request and share file segments with each other. Due to this direct connection, file transfers no longer require a central server for coordination. Each peer participates in the file distribution process by acting as both a client and a server.

Blockchain and Smart Contracts

Blockchain technology is incorporated into many decentralized file-sharing systems to enhance security and transparency. Smart contracts are self-executing agreements with predefined rules that automate tasks like access restrictions and file verification, rewarding participants with tokens.

Typically, decentralized file-sharing systems employ cryptographic techniques such as end-to-end encryption to provide privacy and security for shared files. This ensures content can only be accessed and decrypted by authorized users.